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Vehicle Protocol vs Backend Protocol: Two Separate Stacks
ISO 15118 and DIN 70121 sit between vehicle and charger; OCPP sits between charger and backend. Upgrading one does not upgrade the other.
Harmonics, Power Factor and THDi in EV Charging
A rectifier draws a non-sinusoidal current. What THDi and power factor describe, who is affected, and when a site should re-measure.
IP54, IP65 and C5: Reading Charger Protection Ratings
The two digits mean less than buyers assume, and impact resistance and corrosion class are separate questions. How to read all three.
What Fails First in an EV Charger: Four Weak Points
Electrolytic capacitors, fans, contactors and connector latches fail before anything else. What each one tells you about design trade-offs.
Liquid-Cooled Charging Cables: Why 500 A Needs Coolant
Heat rises with the square of current while copper weight rises with it too. Where air cooling stops and liquid cooling becomes necessary.
Power Modules in DC Chargers: Why They Are Modular
How AC to DC modules work, why efficiency peaks below full load, and how module count sets the smallest power step a site can offer.